Reducing Air Pollution: Why Sustainable Policies Are the Need of the Hour

Air pollution has become one of Pakistan’s most pressing environmental and public health challenges, particularly in urban centers like Lahore and Karachi. These cities consistently rank among the worst globally for air quality, with hazardous Air Quality Index (AQI) levels fueled by unchecked industrial emissions, vehicular pollution, and crop burning. The consequences are dire: respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions, and a staggering toll of over 128,000 annual deaths attributed to air pollution, according to the World Bank. Among the many contributors to air pollution, transportation remains a critical sector demanding immediate attention. Vehicular emissions are a major source of smog and airborne pollutants, making a transition to cleaner transportation solutions essential for combating this crisis. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a promising pathway to address these challenges effectively. Unlike traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions. This eliminates pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter—key contributors to urban smog. Research indicates that even a modest adoption of EVs, such as a 5% market share, can reduce nitrogen oxide concentrations in the atmosphere by up to 52%. Pakistan can draw inspiration from cities like Beijing, once dubbed the “world’s smog capital,” where strict air pollution control measures have led to remarkable improvements. Over the past two decades, Beijing transformed its transportation system by limiting car use in city centers, adopting electric public transport, and promoting battery electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, which now outsell traditional internal combustion engines. As a result, Beijing’s PM2.5 pollution levels have dropped by two-thirds, showcasing the transformative impact of focused, sustainable policies. However, realizing these benefits requires a supportive policy framework to make EVs more accessible and encourage their adoption. Facilitating the widespread adoption of EVs goes beyond incentivizing their purchase. It requires the development of a comprehensive ecosystem, including accessible charging infrastructure, public awareness campaigns, and local manufacturing capabilities. Relaxed import policies can also go a long way in enabling the local transition toward EV adoption as this allows customers to have access to a greater range of options. A lax import regime attracts foreign brands to enter the market with CBU units initially and eventually transition toward establishment of manufacturing plants in the country. Public-private partnerships can accelerate these efforts, with the private sector contributing to infrastructure development and innovation, while the government provides regulatory support and strategic direction. Together, these efforts can create a robust foundation for long-term sustainability and growth. The shift to electric mobility brings significant health benefits by reducing exposure to harmful pollutants. Healthier air can lower the incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, easing the burden on Pakistan’s healthcare system. In addition, improved air quality fosters higher productivity and better quality of life, directly benefiting communities and the economy. On the economic front, transitioning to EVs reduces dependency on imported fossil fuels, improving Pakistan’s trade balance and energy security. With the right policies, this shift can become a driver for economic growth, creating new opportunities in green technology and associated industries. Pakistan’s worsening air quality is a stark reminder of the need for urgent and sustained action. Addressing this crisis requires a collaborative effort from the government, private sector, and citizens. Policies that support EV adoption, promote local production, and develop charging infrastructure are essential for achieving cleaner cities and healthier communities. By prioritizing EV adoption as part of a broader strategy to combat air pollution, Pakistan can take a decisive step toward a sustainable future. The transition may be challenging, but the benefits—for the environment, public health, and the economy—make it an opportunity the country cannot afford to ignore.